Diagnosing esophageal cancer involves a combination of clinical evaluation and diagnostic tests. Initial assessment includes a detailed history and physical examination. Diagnostic tools such as upper endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy) allow direct visualization of the esophagus and biopsy of suspicious lesions. Imaging studies like CT scan, PET-CT, and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) help determine the cancer’s stage and extent of spread. These tests are crucial for planning appropriate treatment strategies. Early detection significantly improves outcomes, making timely evaluation essential for patients with persistent swallowing difficulties or other related symptoms.